Studying (minoritised languages in) online

contexts: challenges in data collection

“the field of sociolinguistics will benefit from analyses on language-in-use in CMC contexts because of the overwhelming popularity of various forms of CMC among people in (almost every part of) the industrialized world”

p. 449, van Compernolle, R. A. (2010). The (slightly more) productive use of ne in Montreal French chat. Language Sciences 32:4, 447–463.

“Neighbourhood and community events and activities are real neighbourhood life and they feed back to one’s real family immediately. Media, at best, only creates a ‘virtual’ community”

p. 474, Fishman, J. A. (2001). From theory to practice (and vice versa): Review, reconsideration and reiteration. In J. A. Fishman (ed.), Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift, revisited: A twenty-first century perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 451–483.

“In order to establish a sustainable policy for safeguarding and promoting linguistic diversity, policies for digital development have to be embraced. With so much of our lives happening on the internet and through digital devices, the digital domain represents a context that cannot be ignored.”

p. 6, Hicks, D. et al. (2018). The Digital Language Diversity Project: The roadmap. Available at http://www.dldp.eu/sites/default/files/documents/DLDP_Roadmap.pdf.

“Minority speakers can increase their languages’ online presence with content that is aligned to their communities’ needs and aspirations.”

p. 132, Cunliffe, D. and Herring, S. C. (2005). Introduction to minority languages, multimedia and the web. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia 11:2, 131–137.

“simply because a user has posted on a Facebook page does not mean they intend or expect for their comment to be reproduced”

p. 223, Pihlaja, S. (2017). More than fifty shades of grey: Copyright on social network sites. Applied Linguistics Review 8, 213–228.

“should a user delete their Reddit posting, removing this from the public domain, scholars should assume it unethical to continue to use, replicate, host or store this data”

p. 6, Adams, N. N. (2022). “Scraping” Reddit posts for academic research? Addressing some blurred lines of consent in growing internet-based research trend during the time of Covid-19. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, DOI: 10.1080/13645579.2022.2111816.

“we are entering an era where media will be everywhere and we will use all kinds of media in relation to each other. … A teenager doing homework may juggle four or five windows, scanning the web, listening to and downloading MP3 files, chatting with friends, wordprocessing a paper and responding to email, shifting rapidly between tasks”

p. 34, Jenkins, H. (2004). The cultural logic of media convergence. International Journal of Cultural Studies 7:1, 33–43.
https://www.versionmuseum.com/history-of/facebook-website

https://www.edsurge.com/news/2023-02-07-tiktok-bans-limit-the-free-flow-of-information-and-impinge-on-academic-freedom

“Most research of Wikipedia does not involve ethical issues of informed consent. Because all contributions to Wikipedia are publicly released under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License … content analysis – the analysis of publicly-available pages, archives, or logs is generally considered exempt from such requirements”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ethically_researching_Wikipedia

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/apr/28/uk-readers-may-lose-access-to-wikipedia-amid-online-safety-bill-requirements

“Earlier studies in the field of minority language media generally expressed the hope that the internet could provide spaces for virtual communities which would function as immersion settings for speakers of smaller languages to meet, interact and communicate”

Reershemius, G. and Arendt, B. (in press). Introduction: Can digital media help to prevent language shift? In B. Arendt and G. Reershemius (eds.), Heritage languages in the digital age: The case of autochthonous minority languages in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

“Facebook is more involved in the translations produced than first appears … this can be seen as a ‘top-down’ decision by Facebook leading to the enacting of their language policy. From looking at Facebook documentation, it is clear that the site intervenes in the decisions and language policy of the communities. Facebook facilitates the use of the Translations app as a ‘bottom-up’ mechanism of language policy, but only within its own parameters and ultimately its own ‘top-down’ decisions.”

pp. 219–220, Lenihan, A. (2014). Investigating language policy in social media: Translation practices on Facebook. In P. Seargeant and C. Tagg (eds.), The language of social media: Identity and community on the internet. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 208–227.

“An Internet that is dominated by corporations that accumulate capital by exploiting and commodifying users can in the theory of participatory democracy never be participatory, and the cultural expressions on it cannot be an expression of participation”

p. 57, Fuchs, C. (2014). Social media: A critical introduction. London: SAGE.